Family foundations have been part of the Polish legal system for over two years and have naturally become a popular tool for succession planning. As they gain traction, questions have arisen regarding the permissibility of accumulating and disposing of digital assets by family foundations, especially in light of their tax-advantaged status. In its tax ruling…
Does a free of charge surety granted to a taxpayer subject to Estonian CIT give rise to a tax obligation to recognise income as hidden profits or revenue from free of charge benefits? The conclusions of the latest individual tax ruling[1] indicate that it does not. Hidden profit or income from a free of…
Recent discussions have focused on the EU institutions’ evolving stance on ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) reporting. A central element of these changes is the so-called Omnibus Package, which introduces substantial amendments to both existing and forthcoming regulations—particularly the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the EU Taxonomy-related implementing measures. A new direction from the…
The issue of intra-group transactions in the context of value-added tax (VAT) is increasingly attracting the attention of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Recent cases underscore the importance of delineating the boundaries between direct tax (CIT) and indirect tax (VAT) regulations, as well as the significant practical implications that transfer pricing…
Can the payment of remuneration for the redemption of shares, financed from profits earned before the implementation of Estonian CIT, result in lump-sum taxation of company income? Although it may appear that profits once subject to taxation should not be subject to further taxation, tax authorities’ practices demonstrate otherwise. For the tax authority, it…
Cryptocurrencies are becoming an increasingly common means of settlement, including in financial transactions – such as lending or collateral. It is worth taking a look at what tax implications are associated with the use of cryptocurrencies in such situations. Lending in traditional currencies and taxation of PCC and VAT In accordance with a line of…
Recently issued individual interpretations indicate that tax authorities have inconsistent positions on the classification of lease or rental costs from related entities as so-called hidden profits. While the regulations remain consistent, the authorities’ positions are subject to variation depending on the specifics of each case. The following three approaches demonstrate the various perspectives of the…
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) plays a pivotal role in shaping the global tax landscape, particularly in the context of the digital economy. Its objective is to establish a more equitable and predictable international tax framework that addresses the challenges posed by globalization and the operations of multinational enterprises. In response to…
In its judgment in the Polish case of 8th May 2025, ref. C 615/23, the CJEU confirmed that lump-sum compensation paid by local government units to public transport operators, aimed at covering losses from this business activity, is not subject to VAT. The judgment confirms the previous practice on the qualification of public subsidies in…
Modern companies operating in international markets face the challenge of aligning customs and transfer pricing policies. A lack of consistency between these areas can lead to significant tax, operational and financial risks. For this reason, close cooperation between customs and transfer pricing departments is essential – only through collaboration can risks be effectively managed, and…